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    • Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAV)
  • Devices
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  • Definitions
    • KPIs
    • Slice Types
    • References
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Applications

Renewable Energy

Geothermal energy power plants use the steam and hot water found underground to generate electricity through turbines. Wells are typically drilled at between 150 to 400 feet deep to access the energy. Currently, the most common geothermal energy production system is called a flash steam power plant. This type of power plant routes hydrothermal fluid from a well at temperatures over 182°C (360°F) under high pressure into a tank at the surface. The tank’s much lower pressure causes some of the fluid to quickly dissipate as vapor, which is then used to drive a turbine. IoT is used in geothermal power plants to increase energy station capacities and to catch problems with the power stations ahead of time.

Hydroelectric power generation equipment is subject to massive forces. This causes vibrations, which can wear down turbine parts and ultimately cause machine breakdowns, in some cases with disastrous results. Monitoring the vibration levels of the hydroelectric power generation equipment continuously using an online condition monitoring solution enables the operator to: – make maintenance-decisions based on the machine condition – ensure a stable production of power – safeguard on-site personnel – reduce maintenance costs – prevent serious machine damage – minimize the outage frequency – extend machine life enhance machine efficiency Monitoring is interfaced to the hydroelectric power station control systems and emergency shut down system. Monitoring the impact of Hydropower plant activities on water bodies is important for regulatory compliance and modeling purposes. Including measuring total dissolved gas (TDG) levels around Hydropower activities and monitoring temperature and dissolved oxygen upstream and downstream from plants to ensure regulatory levels are met and power production is optimal.

Solar energy is a renewable source of energy created by utilizing the bright light and heat from the sun using a variety of ever-changing technologies such as solar heating, solar thermal energy, photovoltaic’s. – Monitoring and optimization of performance in solar energy plants utilizing sensors attached to the transmission, generation, and distribution equipment.

Wind turbines harness the wind—a clean, free, and widely available renewable energy source—to generate electric power. – Monitoring and control – To maximize wind power, it’s imperative that the data collected from sensors are analyzed quickly and turned into “actionable insights”— meaning each turbine can adjust its settings accordingly, based on data it receives from the system. A reliable connection to a control center lets a turbine continually assess and account for changes in wind speed, temperature variations, and vibration to best optimize power generation.

  • Use Case: Hydroelectric power generation equipment is subject to massive forces. This causes vibrations, which can wear down turbine parts and ultimately cause machine breakdowns, in some cases with disastrous results. Monitoring the vibration levels of the hydroelectric power generation equipment continuously using an online condition monitoring solution enables the operator to: - make maintenance-decisions based on the machine condition - ensure a stable production of power - safeguard on-site personnel - reduce maintenance costs - prevent serious machine damage - minimize the outage frequency - extend machine life enhance machine efficiency Monitoring is interfaced to the hydroelectric power station control systems and emergency shut down system. Monitoring the impact of Hydropower plant activities on water bodies is important for regulatory compliance and modeling purposes. Including measuring total dissolved gas (TDG) levels around Hydropower activities and monitoring temperature and dissolved oxygen upstream and downstream from plants to ensure regulatory levels are met and power production is optimal.

    Device(s)

    Vibration sensors such as low-frequency accelerometers are mounted on the casing of the turbine and generator near the bearings and shaft. Water quality sensors (Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Sensor)

    KPIs

    E2E Latency: Low: <10ms
    Jitter: Not Sensitive
    Data Rate: Very Low: <100kbps
    Availability: High: 95 - 99.999%
    Criticality: Safety critical
    Communication Direction: One-way
    Common Communication Mode: Unicast
    Data Reporting Mode: Event Driven
    Mobility (type/speed): Fixed
    Service Continuity: Not Required
    Device Autonomy (Power Constrained): Yes
    Connectivity Type: WAN - Cellular, LPWA, Satellite
    Priority Services (NS/EP): No (it would not)
    Guaranteed Service: Delayed-Critical GBR
    Security: High
    Lifespan: Long: More than 8 years
    Device Density: Low (<1000)
    Location Based Services: Fixed (no LBS needed)
    Slice Type
    Slice Type: mMTC
  • Use Case: Geothermal energy power plants use the steam and hot water found underground to generate electricity through turbines. Wells are typically drilled at between 150 to 400 feet deep to access the energy. Currently, the most common geothermal energy production system is called a flash steam power plant. This type of power plant routes hydrothermal fluid from a well at temperatures over 182°C (360°F) under high pressure into a tank at the surface. The tank’s much lower pressure causes some of the fluid to quickly dissipate as vapor, which is then used to drive a turbine. IoT is used in geothermal power plants to increase energy station capacities and to catch problems with the power stations ahead of time.

    Device(s)

    - Fiber-optic Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) systems and pressure gauges enable critical monitoring during exploration and energy production for Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS). These sensors can be used to: - Estimate production potential in or between new wells by measuring the distributed temperature and the point pressure, or pressure measured at the bottom of the well. These measurements allow the calculation of reservoir size, flow resistance between wells (if multiple wells are instrumented), well bore damage caused by drilling, effectiveness of the fracturing operations, and well completion. - Monitor surface and subsurface scale buildup and chemical clean-up. Scale, a mineral residue precipitated from geothermal fluid in response to changes in water pressure and temperature, builds up on pipe walls and will, over time, form a thick, insulating layer that limits flow and may block a pipe. Chemicals are injected into the pipe to remove the accumulated scale. By understanding severity of the scaling, operators can better consider what mitigation options are most suitable as well as minimize the use of expensive chemicals. - Provide permanent monitoring of injector and producer wells to allow identification of the specific zones and fractures that produce fluids. - Perform integrity monitoring for casing and tubing leaks to avoid contaminating ground water and subsurface aquifers.

    KPIs

    E2E Latency: Best effort
    Jitter: Not Sensitive
    Data Rate: Very Low: <100kbps
    Availability: High: 95 - 99.999%
    Criticality: Safety critical
    Communication Direction: Two-way
    Common Communication Mode: Unicast
    Data Reporting Mode: Hybrid Driven
    Notes: Event and continuous monitoring as appropriate
    Mobility (type/speed): Fixed
    Service Continuity: Not Required
    Device Autonomy (Power Constrained): Yes
    Connectivity Type: WAN - Cellular, LPWA, Satellite
    Priority Services (NS/EP): No (it would not)
    Guaranteed Service: Delayed-Critical GBR
    Security: High
    Lifespan: Long: More than 8 years
    Device Density: Low (<1000)
    Location Based Services: Fixed (no LBS needed)
    Slice Type
    Slice Type: mMTC
    Seismic sensors used for monitoring of seismic activity in geothermal plants can enhance the safety aspect of power generation. Geothermal power plants are generally located near earthquake-prone zones and the ability to manage such power plants remotely is useful for employee safety. Vibration and temperature sensors are used in turbines and generators to monitor temperatures and detect vibrations.

    KPIs

    E2E Latency: Low: <10ms
    Jitter: Not Sensitive
    Data Rate: Very Low: <100kbps
    Availability: High: 95 - 99.999%
    Criticality: Safety critical
    Communication Direction: One-way
    Common Communication Mode: Unicast
    Data Reporting Mode: Event Driven
    Mobility (type/speed): Fixed
    Service Continuity: Not Required
    Device Autonomy (Power Constrained): Yes
    Connectivity Type: WAN - Cellular, LPWA, Satellite
    Priority Services (NS/EP): No (it would not)
    Guaranteed Service: Delayed-Critical GBR
    Security: High
    Lifespan: Long: More than 8 years
    Device Density: Low (<1000)
    Location Based Services: Fixed (no LBS needed)
    Slice Type
    Slice Type: uRLLC
  • Use Case: - Wind turbines harness the wind—a clean, free, and widely available renewable energy source—to generate electric power. - Monitoring and control - To maximize wind power, it’s imperative that the data collected from sensors are analyzed quickly and turned into “actionable insights”— meaning each turbine can adjust its settings accordingly, based on data it receives from the system. A reliable connection to a control center lets a turbine continually assess and account for changes in wind speed, temperature variations, and vibration to best optimize power generation.

    Device(s)

    Wind Turbine sensors are used to continually assess acceleration, temperature and vibration. Turbine impact sensors - for monitoring avian and bat collisions Turbine vibration sensors - Vibration sensors provide data that enables predictive maintenance, allowing operators to manage assets at a distance - Turbine - Because of variable wind speeds and frequent braking, the load is never consistent on the turbine, causing a lot of wear on the moving parts. Bearings are the biggest culprit in gearbox failure. When bearings fail, it usually leads to other components, such as gearwheels, breaking down, causing a domino effect of failure across the entire apparatus. One of the biggest issues with regard to bearing failure is lubrication starvation. Vibration sensors can help an operator stay ahead of lubrication issues by detecting subtle friction changes - Blade - Wear and tear on rotor blades come from high winds, lightning, ice, and extreme weather conditions that result in blade imbalance. Over time, these factors lead to cracking and fractures along the edges and pitch system failure. Wireless vibration sensors make it feasible to remotely monitor such conditions, alerting operators to impending failure and maintenance needs without physically accessing the site. These sensors are combined together into one communication channel. Associated KPI's are considered in the aggregate.[1]

    Vibration Sensors For Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring (radiobridge.com)

    KPIs

    E2E Latency: Best effort
    Jitter: Not Sensitive
    Data Rate: Very Low: <100kbps
    Availability: Best Effort
    Criticality: Mission critical
    Communication Direction: Two-way
    Common Communication Mode: Multicast
    Data Reporting Mode: Continuous-based
    Mobility (type/speed): Fixed
    Service Continuity: Not Required
    Device Autonomy (Power Constrained): No
    Connectivity Type: WAN - Cellular, LPWA, Satellite
    Priority Services (NS/EP): No (it would not)
    Guaranteed Service: Non-GBR
    Security: High
    Lifespan: Long: More than 8 years
    Device Density: Low (<1000)
    Location Based Services: Fixed (no LBS needed)
    Slice Type
    Slice Type: mMTC
  • Use Case: Solar energy is a renewable source of energy created by utilizing the bright light and heat from the sun using a variety of ever-changing technologies such as solar heating, solar thermal energy, photovoltaic’s. - Monitoring and optimization of performance in solar energy plants utilizing sensors attached to the transmission, generation, and distribution equipment.

    Device(s)

    Irradiance, temperature, humidity sensors and voltage sensors used to measure photovoltaic (PV) output current and voltage on solar panels. By placing sensors along the distribution channels and substations operators are able to gather real-time power consummation data which will helps make decisions about the load, voltage, and power being supplied.

    KPIs

    “CAV – communication use case for (off-shore) wind farm”, S1-180XXX, Siemens AG, 3GPP TSG-SA WG1 Meeting #81,Fukuoka, Japan, 5 – 9 February 2018

    E2E Latency: Best effort
    Jitter: Not Sensitive
    Data Rate: Very Low: <100kbps
    Availability: Best Effort[2]
    Criticality: Mission critical
    Communication Direction: Two-way
    Common Communication Mode: Multicast
    Data Reporting Mode: Continuous-based
    Mobility (type/speed): Fixed
    Service Continuity: Not Required
    Device Autonomy (Power Constrained): No
    Connectivity Type: WAN - Cellular, LPWA, Satellite
    Priority Services (NS/EP): No (it would not)
    Guaranteed Service: Non-GBR
    Security: High
    Lifespan: Long: More than 8 years
    Device Density: Low (<1000)
    Location Based Services: Fixed (no LBS needed)
    Slice Type
    Slice Type: mMTC
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